Geographical Distribution Dynamics of Acorus calamus in China Under Climate Change

Acorus calamus, a perennial emergent herb, is highly valued for its ornamental appeal, water purification ability, and medicinal properties. However, there is a significant contradiction between the rapidly increasing demand for A. calamus and the diminishing wild resources. Understanding its geographical distribution and the influence of global climate change on its geographical distribution is imperative for establishing a theoretical framework for the conservation of natural resources and the expansion of its cultivation. In this study, 266 distribution records of A. calamus and 18 selected key environmental factors were utilized to construct an optimal MaxEnt model via the ENMeval package. We simulated the potential geographical distributions under current conditions and under three different climate scenarios (SSP126, SSP370, and SSP585) in the 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s. Additionally, we employed the jackknife method and response curves to identify the environmental factors with the greatest influence on the distribution of A. calamus, and their response intervals. The results indicate that the regularization multiplier (RM) of 3.5 and the feature combinations (FC) of linear (L), quadratic (Q), hinge (H), and product (P) are the optimal model parameter combinations. With these parameters, the model predictions are highly accurate, and the consistency of the results is significant. The dominant environmental factors and their thresholds affecting the distribution of A. calamus are the precipitation of the wettest month (≥109.87 mm), human footprint (≥5.39), annual precipitation (≥388.56 mm), and mean diurnal range (≤12.83 °C). The primary land use types include rivers and channels, reservoirs and ponds, lakes, urban areas, marshes, other constructed lands, rice fields, forested areas, and shrublands. Under current climate conditions, the suitable geographical distribution of A. calamus in China is clearly located east of the 400 mm precipitation line, with high- and low-suitability areas covering 121.12 × 10⁴ km², and 164.20 × 10⁴ km², respectively. Under future climate conditions, both high- and low- suitability areas are projected to increase significantly, whereas unsuitable areas are expected to decrease, with the centroid of each suitability zone shifting northward. This study provides a theoretical foundation for sustainable utilization, future production planning, and the development of conservation strategies for wild germplasm resources of A. calamus.