In-depth study of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem service supply and demand and their multi-scale spatial matching patterns is crucial to achieving effective management of ecosystem services and formulating scientific ecological protection plans. Investigating the Hubei Province as a research region, this study employed diverse ecological models, such as InVEST, based on multiple data sources encompassing land use, meteorological conditions, and socio-economic factors. The objective was to quantitatively assess and spatially characterize the supply and demand dynamics of four ecosystem services-namely, carbon storage, water yield, soil conservation, and food provision-within the Hubei Province. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem service supply and demand, as well as the supply-demand ratio of ecosystem services at different scales, from 2000 to 2020. The bivariate Moran's I module in GeoDa was used to further explore the changes in the spatial matching patterns of four ecosystem services supply and demand between 2000 and 2020, as well as the differences in the spatial matching patterns of four ecosystem services supply and demand at different scales in 2020. The research results indicated that： ① Between 2000 and 2020, the total supply of the four ecosystem services in Hubei Province exhibited an overall increasing trend. Regarding total demand, all services, except for food supply, showed a growing trend. Except for soil conservation services, the other three services were in a state of oversupply. ② Except for soil conservation services, the other three services exhibited a polarized pattern with lower urban-rural supply-demand ratios and higher non-urban-rural supply-demand ratios. This pattern deepened progressively over the study period. ③ Significant regional variations were observed in the spatial matching of supply and demand for the four ecosystem services. ④ There were notable differences in the balance and matching of ecosystem service supply and demand at different scales. The research results can provide scientific basis for promoting the optimization of the supply and demand pattern of ecosystem services in Hubei Province and formulating more accurate and detailed ecological protection plans, promoting sustainable development in Hubei Province.
Keywords: Hubei Province; InVEST model; ecosystem services; multi-scale; spatial relationship between supply and demand.