With the progression of global aging, neurological diseases in elderly individuals have aroused widespread interest among researchers. Imbalances in the homeostasis of neuronal microenvironments, including neural progenitor cells and microglia, are the leading cause of worsening neurodegenerative diseases. The aging of various glial cells can further lead to abnormal functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have shown that aging plays a vital role in a variety of degenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). In this manuscript, we describe the molecular mechanisms of aging, the cellular constitution of the neural microenvironment and the progression of aging in various neurodegenerative diseases, providing new targets and perspectives for the clinical treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.