[Association between remnant cholesterol and the trajectory of arterial stiffness progression]

Abstract

Objective: To explore the impact of baseline remnant cholesterol levels at a single time point and cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure on the progression trajectories of arterial stiffness. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 2 401 eligible participants from the Beijing Health Management Cohort who consecutively attended health examinations in 2010-2011, 2012-2013, and 2014-2015. The remnant cholesterol value measured in 2014-2015 served as the baseline remnant cholesterol level at a single time point. The cumulative exposure indices were calculated based on remnant cholesterol values from three health examinations from 2010 to 2015, including cumulative exposure, cumulative exposure burden, and duration of high remnant cholesterol exposure. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The follow-up continued until December 31, 2019, with annual check-ups. During the follow-up period, a group-based trajectory model was employed to construct the progression trajectories of baPWV. The associations between the baseline remnant cholesterol level, cumulative exposure indices of remnant cholesterol and baPWV trajectories were examined using ordinal logistic regression models, adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Results: The age of the 2 401 participants was 61 (54, 69) years, with 1 801 (75.01%) being male. The group-based trajectory model indicated that the best-fit model categorized the participants into three subgroups: low-rising group (1 036 individuals, 43.15%), moderate-rising group (1 137 individuals, 47.36%), and high-rising group (228 individuals, 9.50%). After adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, baseline remnant cholesterol levels at a single point (OR=1.170, 95%CI: 1.074-1.274), cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure (OR=1.194, 95%CI: 1.096-1.303), cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure burden (OR=1.270, 95%CI: 1.071-1.507), and high-remnant cholesterol exposure duration (6 years: OR=1.351, 95%CI: 1.077-1.695) were significantly associated with the risk of developing a poor baPWV progression trajectory. These results remained significant after adjusting for cumulative average LDL-C levels. The association between baseline remnant cholesterol levels and baPWV progression became insignificant after adjusting for cumulative remnant cholesterol levels (OR=1.053, 95%CI: 0.923-1.197), while the association between cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure and baPWV progression remained significant after adjusting for baseline remnant cholesterol levels (OR=1.145, 95%CI: 1.008-1.305). Conclusions: Higher levels of baseline remnant cholesterol and cumulative remnant cholesterol are independent risk factors for the progression of arterial stiffness. These associations remain significant even after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and LDL-C levels. Furthermore, the effect of cumulative remnant cholesterol levels on the progression of arterial stiffness was stronger than the effect of baseline remnant cholesterol levels.