Extraction, Purification, and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis of DNA and RNA from Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissue

Abstract

Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues have long been used for immunohistological analyses. FFPE tissues can be stored at room temperature for several years enabling analyses to be performed later. Ease of storage and transport makes these tissues an attractive source of biological material. However, formalin fixation results in chemical modifications of proteins and nucleic acids that poses a major challenge to any type of analysis. Recovery of nucleic acids for quantitative assays is rendered difficult due to degradation resulting from fixation and long-term storage, producing low usable yields. Extensive efforts in the last 20 years have led to significant improvements in use of FFPE tissues for DNA and RNA analyses and resulted in development of sensitive assays for a wide range of applications, including next-generation sequencing. In this chapter, we describe the optimization of methods for sequential extraction of DNA and RNA from FFPE tissue and subsequent preparation of DNA-seq and RNA-seq libraries for use with the Illumina platform using commercially available reagents/kits.

Keywords: DNA-seq; Formaldehyde modifications; Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue; Genome; Library preparation; Next-generation sequencing; RNA-seq; Sequential extraction; Transcriptome.