High SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection rates in households with children in Georgia, United States, Fall 2020-Winter 2021

Front Public Health. 2024 Oct 25:12:1378701. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1378701. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Background: A wide range of household secondary infection rates has been reported, and the role of children in population transmission dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 remains ill-defined. We sought to better understand household infection early in the pandemic.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 17 households in the Atlanta metropolitan area with at least one child and one case of COVID-19 in the prior 1-4 months were recruited between December 2020 and April 2021. Self-collected saliva samples were tested on a multiplexed platform to detect IgG antibodies that bind to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Secondary infection rates (SIR) were calculated and compared.

Results: We report results on 17 families, including 66 individuals. We found an average SIR of 0.58; children and adults were similarly infected (62% children vs. 75% adults) (p = 0.2). Two out of 17 households had a pediatric index per our definition. Number of pediatric infections per household (p = 0.18), isolation (p = 0.34), and mask wearing (p = 0.80) did not differ significantly among households with an SIR above the mean vs. those with SIR below the mean. Households with higher SIR also had a higher number of symptomatic cases (p < 0.001).

Discussion: We demonstrated high household SIRs at the early stages of the pandemic in late 2020 to early 2021 with similar impact on children and adults. The ease of collecting saliva and the detection of asymptomatic infections highlight the advantages of this strategy and potential for scale-up.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; communicable disease transmission; household and family; pediatric COVID-19; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • COVID-19* / epidemiology
  • COVID-19* / transmission
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Family Characteristics*
  • Female
  • Georgia / epidemiology
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Reinfection / epidemiology
  • SARS-CoV-2*
  • Saliva / virology
  • Young Adult

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the SOM I3 /WHSC Synergy/Kaiser Permanente Georgia COVID-19 Collaboration; Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Research and Response Program award (CDH); FIA Foundation (CDH); NIAID grant R21AI139784 (CDH, MHC, and NP) and UL1 TR000424.