Proteomic signatures of vaccine-induced and breakthrough infection-induced host responses to SARS-CoV-2

Erin Williams; Felipe Echeverri Tribin; Juan Manuel Carreño; Florian Krammer; Michael Hoffer; Suresh Pallikkuth; Savita Pahwa

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126484

Proteomic signatures of vaccine-induced and breakthrough infection-induced host responses to SARS-CoV-2

Vaccine. 2024 Nov 7;43(Pt 1):126484. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126484. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Erin Williams¹, Felipe Echeverri Tribin², Juan Manuel Carreño³, Florian Krammer⁴, Michael Hoffer⁵, Suresh Pallikkuth⁶, Savita Pahwa⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
² University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
³ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, 10029, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, 10029, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
⁶ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33146, USA.

PMID: 39520894
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126484

Abstract

The severity of SARS-CoV-2 illness is influenced by factors including age, sex, pre-existing health conditions, and individual immune responses. However, the mechanisms conferring immunity following antigenic challenge have not been fully elucidated. There are currently no studies evaluating longitudinal proteomic changes in individuals following vaccination and breakthrough, limiting our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving conferred immunity. In this work, we evaluated the differential protein expression in individuals with (CoV-P) or without (CoV-N) prior SARS-CoV-2 infection following primary vaccination and after breakthrough infection (CoV-BT). Overall, we found that individuals receiving primary vaccination relied on innate immune mechanisms, including complement and coagulation cascades, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while conversely, breakthrough infection immune mechanisms relied on T cell-mediated immunity. These mechanistic differences may help explain heterogeneity associated with vaccine-induced and breakthrough infection-related outcomes.

Keywords: “Proteomics”; “SARS-CoV-2”; “Vaccination”.