Psychosocial Aspects of the Lived Experience of Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Judith Eberhardt; Benjamin Gibson; Robert M Portman; Nikki Carthy; Sam Rowlands; Rachel Batchelor; Laura Kane; Stephanie Kılınç

doi:10.1111/hex.70071

Psychosocial Aspects of the Lived Experience of Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Health Expect. 2024 Oct;27(5):e70071. doi: 10.1111/hex.70071.

Authors

Judith Eberhardt¹, Benjamin Gibson², Robert M Portman¹, Nikki Carthy¹, Sam Rowlands¹, Rachel Batchelor³, Laura Kane¹, Stephanie Kılınç¹

Affiliations

¹ School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
² School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK.
³ The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.

Abstract

Background: Despite increasing recognition of long COVID, the psychosocial impacts of the lived experience on individuals remain underexplored. This systematic review sought to fill this gap by identifying key themes that describe the psychosocial dimensions of long COVID.

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify key themes illustrating the psychosocial aspects of individuals' lived experience of long COVID.

Search strategy: Searches were conducted in multiple databases and grey literature sources for qualitative studies published between November 2019 and June 2024.

Inclusion criteria: Eligible studies involved adult participants self-reporting long COVID. The studies needed to provide qualitative data that could be synthesised thematically.

Data extraction and synthesis: Data extraction and thematic synthesis were conducted by at least two independent reviewers at each stage. Quality appraisal was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool.

Results: The review included 34 studies. Thematic synthesis yielded five themes: 'Debilitation', 'Uncertainty', 'Sources of Support', 'Meaning Making: Adjusting to a New Normal' and 'Experiences with Healthcare Services'. Individuals with long COVID reported experiencing physical, economic, and social challenges. Uncertainty and scepticism from others caused anxiety. Support from healthcare services, friends and online groups played an important role. Acceptance and gratitude were found to be meaningful in adjusting to the new normal. Experiences with healthcare services varied.

Discussion and conclusions: This review provides valuable insights into the psychosocial impact of long COVID, highlighting the profound changes and challenges that individuals face. Healthcare services should adopt a holistic approach to integrate psychosocial support within their management strategies, to improve overall patient outcomes.

Keywords: lived experience; long COVID; psychosocial; qualitative; thematic synthesis.

Publication types

Systematic Review

MeSH terms

Adaptation, Psychological
Humans
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome* / psychology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome* / rehabilitation
Qualitative Research
SARS-CoV-2
Social Support*
Uncertainty

Grants and funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.