Comparison of Diffusion-weighted MRI using Singe-Shot Echo-planar Imaging (SS-EPI) and Split Acquisition of Fast Spin Echo Signal (SPLICE) Imaging, a non-EPI technique, in Tumors of the Head and Neck

Hedda J van der Hulst; Loes Braun; Bram Westerink; Georgios Agrotis; Leon C Ter Beek; Renaud Tissier; Milad Ahmadian; Roland M Martens; Jan W Casselman; Regina G H Beets-Tan; Michiel W M van den Brekel; Jonas A Castelijns

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A8529

Comparison of Diffusion-weighted MRI using Singe-Shot Echo-planar Imaging (SS-EPI) and Split Acquisition of Fast Spin Echo Signal (SPLICE) Imaging, a non-EPI technique, in Tumors of the Head and Neck

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2024 Oct 9:ajnr.A8529. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8529. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Hedda J van der Hulst^{1

2

3}, Loes Braun¹, Bram Westerink¹, Georgios Agrotis^{1

4}, Leon C Ter Beek⁵, Renaud Tissier⁶, Milad Ahmadian^{1

3

7}, Roland M Martens⁸, Jan W Casselman^{9

10}, Regina G H Beets-Tan^{1

2

11}, Michiel W M van den Brekel^{3

12}, Jonas A Castelijns¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
² GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
³ Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece.
⁵ Department of Clinical Physics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Biostatistics Unit, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷ Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁹ Dalhousie University, Department of Radiology, Halifax, NS, Canada.
¹⁰ Department of Radiology, AZ St Lucas Gent, Ghent, Belgium.
¹¹ Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
¹² Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

PMID: 39384329
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8529

Abstract

Background and purpose: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using single-shot echo planar imaging (DW-EPI) is susceptible to distortions around air-filled cavities and dental fillings, typical for the head and neck area. Non-EPI, Split acquisition of fast spin echo signals for diffusion imaging (DWSPLICE) could reduce these distortions and enhance image quality, thereby potentially improving recurrence assessment in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck region. This study evaluated whether DW-SPLICE is a viable alternative to DW-EPI through quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Materials and methods: The DW-SPLICE sequence was incorporated into the standard 3.0T head and neck MRI protocol with DW-EPI. Retrospective analysis was conducted on two subgroups: firstly benign or malignant lesions, and secondly post-treatment SCC recurrence. In both subgroups Image quality and distortion were scored by two independent radiologists, blinded for DW-technique, and evaluated using mixed-effect linear models. Lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were assessed with inter-class correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman analyses. DWI's delineation geometric similarity to T1-weighted post-contrast (T1Wc) MRI was evaluated using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) before and after registration. Recurrence in post-treatment SCC scans was evaluated by the same two radiologists blinded for DW-technique. Recurrence detection rates were then compared between DW-SPLICE and DW-EPI using mixed logistic regression at six months and at one-year post-scan follow-up data.

Results: From August 2020 to January 2022, 55 benign or malignant lesion scans (55 patients) and 74 post-treatment SCC scans (66 patients) were analyzed. DW-SPLICE scored better on image quality and showed less overall distortion than DW-EPI (0.04<p<0.001). There was high ADC measurement reliability (ICC=0.93, p<0.001), though a proportional bias was also observed (β=0.11, p=0.03), indicating the bias increases as ADC values rise. DWSPLICE exhibited greater geometric similarity to T1Wc before registration (DSC 0.63 vs 0.47, p<0.001) and outperformed DW-EPI by more accurately identifying recurrences after one year (OR=0.96, p=0.05) but not after six months (OR=0.72, p=0.13).

Conclusions: DW-SPLICE surpasses DW-EPI on image distortion and quality and improves diagnostic reliability for detecting recurrent or residual SCC on 3T MRI of the HN. Consistent use of one method for follow-up is advised, as ADC values are not completely interchangeable. Integrating DW-SPLICE can significantly improve tumor assessments in clinical practice.

Abbreviations: ANTs = Advanced Normalization Tools; DSC = Dice Similarity Coefficient; DW-EPI = Diffusion-weighted single-shot echo planar imaging; DW-MS-EPI = Diffusion-weighted multi-shot echo planar imaging; DW-SPLICE = Diffusion-weighted split acquisition of fast spin echo signals for diffusion imaging; DW-TSE = Diffusion-weighted Turbo Spin Echo; ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; ROC = Receiver Operating Characteristic; SCC = Squamous cell carcinoma; T1WIc = T1 weighted imaging with gadolinium contrast.