Fetal MRI findings, etiology, and outcome in prenatally diagnosed schizencephaly

Elizabeth George; Rachel Vassar; Yolanda Yu; Mary E Norton; Dawn Gano; Orit A Glenn

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A8523

Fetal MRI findings, etiology, and outcome in prenatally diagnosed schizencephaly

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2024 Oct 4:ajnr.A8523. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8523. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Elizabeth George¹, Rachel Vassar¹, Yolanda Yu¹, Mary E Norton¹, Dawn Gano¹, Orit A Glenn¹

Affiliation

¹ From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA (EG, OAG), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA (RV, DG), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (YY), Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA (MET), Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco (DG).

PMID: 39366764
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8523

Abstract

Background and purpose: Schizencephaly is a rare brain anomaly which is increasingly detected in utero. There are limited data on the etiology and outcomes in fetal schizencephaly to guide workup and counselling. We aim to determine the associated imaging findings, etiology, and outcomes in schizencephaly detected in utero.

Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study included 22 fetuses with a total of 34 schizencephaly defects identified by keyword search of fetal MRI reports from 1996-2022 followed by image review. Follow-up fetal and postnatal imaging, when available, were reviewed. Data on demographics, etiology, and outcomes were extracted from the electronic medical record.

Results: The schizencephaly defect was open in 28/34, most common in the MCA territory (23/34), and commonly involved the frontal (16/34) lobe. Additional intracranial abnormalities were seen in all fetuses including other cortical malformations (CM, 13/22), abnormal posterior fossa (12/22), abnormal corpus callosum (10/20), and intraparenchymal hemorrhage (9/22).The cause of schizencephaly was classified as secondary (as evidenced by intraparenchymal hemorrhage at schizencephaly, monochorionic twin gestation, infection, or maternal/placental risk factor) in 64% (14/22), potentially genetic in 9% (2/22), and unknown in 27% (6/22). Among those liveborn (n=8), the following outcomes were observed: postnatal death (1/8), tube feeding (1/7), shunted hydrocephalus (1/7), epilepsy (4/7). Among those >1 year of age, cerebral palsy (4/5) and speech delay or intellectual disability (3/5) were common. CM remote from schizencephaly was associated with epilepsy (p=0.03). On postnatal imaging, open defects often involuted (8/11) and there were high rates of new/additional findings (4/6).

Conclusions: In this cohort, fetal schizencephaly was always associated with additional intracranial abnormalities. In most cases, there was evidence that schizencephaly was likely secondary to prior injury. Imaging characteristics may provide clues regarding neurodevelopmental outcome. Postnatal imaging is crucial in assessing evolution as well as for detection of additional abnormalities.

Abbreviations: ICH = intracranial hemorrhage; CM = cortical malformation; VM = ventriculomegaly; DGN = deep grey nuclei; SP = septum pellucidum; IPH = intraparenchymal hemorrhage; CC = corpus callosum; PMG = polymicrogyria; PVNH = periventricular nodular heterotopia; TTTS = twin-twin transfusion syndrome; GA = gestational age; CP = cerebral palsy.