Dechloranes are additive-type chlorine flame retardants that are widely used in processing industrial products, such as electronic equipment and textiles. Dechloranes, which can enter the human body through various routes, pose significant health risks because of their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. In 2023, dechlorane plus was listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. In the same year, China recognized this compound as a priority-controlled substance. Dechloranes are commonly found at trace levels in water, which is extremely harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, the development of detection methods for dechloranes is crucial. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has attracted considerable attention because of its low organic solvent consumption, simplicity of adsorbent separation, and ease of operation. In general, the selectivity and efficiency of MSPE depend on the characteristics of the adsorbent. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have regular porosity, structural predictability and stability, high specific surface areas, and adjustable pore sizes, which are advantageous for a wide range of separation and analysis applications. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and a COF material (TpBD) were combined to prepare Fe3O4@TpBD as an adsorbent for dechloranes. Subsequently, an effective method for analyzing dechlorane in environmental water was established by coupling MSPE with gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI/MS). The successful synthesis of Fe3O4@TpBD was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. A single-factor method was used to optimize the extraction conditions, including the Fe3O4@TpBD dosage, pH of water sample, elution solvent type and volume, extraction time, elution time, and ionic strength. The target analytes were separated on a TG-5SILMS column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) and quantified using the external standard method in the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the method validation results showed a linear range of 2-1000 ng/L. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.18-0.27 ng/L and 0.60-0.92 ng/L, respectively, for the three analytes. The intra-day and inter-day precisions at three spiked levels were 4.2%-16.2% and 6.9%-15.7%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of dechloranes in environmental water samples (laboratory tap water, reservoir water, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and landfill leachate treatment effluent). The recoveries of the three dechloranes at different spiked levels ranged from 77.8% to 113.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.5%-16.3% (n=3). With the advantages of operational simplicity, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility, the proposed method is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of dechloranes in environmental water.
得克隆类物质是一类添加型阻燃剂,具有持久性、毒性和生物蓄积性,可在环境介质中长期存在,并通过多种途径进入人体,对人类健康造成危害。本研究将Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子与三醛基间苯三酚-联苯胺复合材料(TpBD)相结合,制备了磁性共价有机骨架材料(Fe3O4@TpBD),并将其作为磁固相萃取吸附剂,建立了环境水体中3种得克隆类物质的气相色谱-负化学电离源质谱分析方法。利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射等手段对Fe3O4@TpBD的形貌、粒径、表面基团和结构等进行表征,并考察了Fe3O4@TpBD用量、水样pH、萃取时间、洗脱剂种类及体积、洗脱时间和离子强度等对目标分析物萃取效率的影响。结果表明,3种目标分析物在2~1000 ng/L范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为0.18~0.27 ng/L,定量限为0.60~0.92 ng/L,日内和日间精密度分别为4.2%~16.2%(n=6)和6.9%~15.7%(n=6)。将该方法应用于4种实际水样中得克隆类物质的分析检测,在低、中、高3个加标水平下,3种得克隆类物质的回收率为77.8%~113.4%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~16.3%。该方法的样品前处理过程简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于环境水体中得克隆类物质的分析检测。
Keywords: covalent organic frameworks (COFs); dechloranes; environmental water; gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI/MS); magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE).