Development of the Flexibility in Daily Life scale to measure multidimensional cognitive and behavioural flexibility in health and disease

Kristina Horne; Tao Chen; Muireann Irish

doi:10.1111/bjc.12505

Development of the Flexibility in Daily Life scale to measure multidimensional cognitive and behavioural flexibility in health and disease

Br J Clin Psychol. 2024 Sep 22. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12505. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Kristina Horne^{1

2}, Tao Chen^{1

2}, Muireann Irish^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
² School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

PMID: 39308144
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12505

Abstract

Objectives: Inflexibility of thought and behaviour is a transdiagnostic feature of many neuropsychiatric disorders and presents several empirical measurement challenges. Here, we developed and validated the Flexibility in Daily Life scale (FIDL); a novel, self-report questionnaire, which captures expressions of cognitive and behavioural flexibility in daily life and is sensitive to natural shifts in these processes across the adult lifespan.

Methods: The FIDL was developed using a deductive scale development approach, which aimed to capture common themes within the flexibility literature and across diagnoses (e.g. insistence on sameness, preference for routines). Following multidisciplinary consensus, an initial 37-item questionnaire was submitted for validation in an online sample of 295 healthy adult participants (19-78 years).

Results: Exploratory factor analysis produced a revised 21-item version comprising five factors, labelled: Repetition, Switching, Predictability/Control, Routine, and Thoughts/Beliefs. Internal consistency reliability was good-to-strong for the total FIDL score and moderate-to-strong for individual subscales. Convergent validity was established between the FIDL and an existing measure of cognitive flexibility. Critically, the FIDL total score evinced a U-shaped relationship with age, whereby flexibility was lower at the younger and older tails of the lifespan and greater in middle age. The same U-shaped trajectory emerged for the Repetition, Routine, and Thoughts/Beliefs factors.

Conclusions: Overall, the FIDL is a valid and reliable multidimensional measure of flexibility, which upholds a clearly defined factor structure and good psychometric properties. It promises to be a valuable clinical and research tool to assess the natural fluctuations in flexibility across the lifespan and departures thereof.

Keywords: behavioural flexibility; cognitive flexibility; compulsivity; executive function; rigidity.

Abstract

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