Typbar-TCV®, a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), was prequalified by the World Health Organization in 2017. We evaluated its effectiveness in a mass vaccination program targeting children 9 months to 14 years in Navi Mumbai, India, from September 2018 to July 2020. We compared laboratory-confirmed typhoid cases from six clinical sites with age-matched community controls. Of 38 cases, three (8.6%) received TCV through the campaign, compared with 53 (37%) of 140 controls. The adjusted odds ratio of typhoid fever among vaccinated children was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.05-0.55), equivalent to a vaccine effectiveness of 83.7% (95% CI: 45.0-95.3). Vaccine effectiveness of Typbar-TCV in this large public sector vaccine introduction was similar to prior randomized controlled trials, providing reassurance to policymakers that TCV effectiveness is robust in a large-scale implementation.