A new isoxazolyl-urea derivative induces apoptosis, paraptosis, and ferroptosis by modulating MAPKs in pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract

MAPK pathway regulates the major events including cell division, cell death, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Small molecules that modulate the MAPK pathway have been demonstrated to impart cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Herein, the synthesis of a new isoxazolyl-urea derivative (QR-4) has been described and its effect on the growth of pancreatic cancer cells has been investigated. QR-4 reduced the cell viability in a panel of pancreatic cancer cells with minimal effect on normal hepatocytes. QR-4 induced the cleavage of PARP and procaspase-3, reduced the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, increased SubG1 cells, and annexin V/PI-stained cells indicating the induction of apoptosis. QR-4 also triggered paraptosis as witnessed by the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease in the expression of Alix, increase in the levels of ATF4 and CHOP, and enhanced ER stress. QR-4 also modulated ferroptosis-related events such as elevation in iron levels, alteration in GSH/GSSG ratio, and increase in the expression of TFRC with a parallel decrease in the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11. The mechanistic approach revealed that QR-4 increases the phosphorylation of all three forms of MAPKs (JNK, p38, and ERK). Independent application of specific inhibitors of these MAPKs resulted in a partial reversal of QR-4-induced effects. Overall, these reports suggest that a new isoxazolyl-urea imparts cell death via apoptosis, paraptosis, and ferroptosis by regulating the MAPK pathway in pancreatic cancer cells.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Ferroptosis; Human pancreatic cancer; MAPKs; Paraptosis.