Safer-use strategies in the context of harm-reduction treatment for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder

Abstract

Background: Two, randomized controlled trials found harm-reduction treatment for AUD (HaRT-A) improves alcohol outcomes for adults experiencing homelessness. HaRT-A, which neither requires nor precludes abstinence, entails tracking alcohol-related harm, harm-reduction goals, and safer-use strategies. This secondary dual study qualitatively describes this last component, safer-use strategies, and their quantitative association with treatment outcomes.

Methods: Participants were people who experienced homelessness and AUD and were enrolled in the active HaRT-A treatment arms in 2 randomized control trials (Trial 1 N = 86; Trial 2 N = 208). Trial 1was a 2-arm study with randomization to HaRT-A or services as usual. Trial 2 was a 4-arm study combining HaRT-A and extended release naltrexone. In HaRT-A sessions, participants received a list of 3 categories of safer-use strategies (i.e., buffering alcohol's effects on the body, changing the manner of drinking to be safer and healthier, and reducing alcohol use). Mixed methods were used to qualitatively describe safer-use strategies implemented and quantitatively test their association with alcohol outcomes (i.e., peak quantity, frequency, alcohol-related harm).

Results: In Trial 1, but not Trial 2, participants committed to more safer-use strategies across time, which was associated with reductions in alcohol frequency over the past 30 days. In both trials, participants committing to reducing alcohol consumption drank on a quarter fewer days overall, and in Trial 2, experienced 15 % less alcohol-related harm. In Trial 1, participants who committed to changing the manner of drinking were heavier drinkers overall, and although they showed significant reductions in alcohol-related harm, their reduction rate was slower than for participants who selected other strategies. In Trial 2, strategies to buffer alcohol's effects were associated with a monthly 14 % decrease of alcohol-related harm.

Conclusion: This study replicated prior findings that people experiencing homelessness and AUD regularly adopt strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm. The implementation of safer-use strategies was favorably associated with alcohol outcomes, but specific associations differed by trial and outcome. Discussion of safer-use strategies appears helpful; however, further research is needed to firmly establish how this HaRT-A component works.

Keywords: Alcohol use; Alcohol use disorder; Harm reduction; Homelessness; Safer-use strategies.