Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends

Sahitya Movva; Carl G Schirmeister; Timo Hees; David Tavakoli; Erik H Licht; Rolf Mülhaupt; Hamid Garmestani; Karl I Jacob

doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c00387

Crystallographic Texture Evolution in 3D Printed Polyethylene Reactor Blends

ACS Omega. 2024 May 1;9(19):21016-21034. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00387. eCollection 2024 May 14.

Authors

Sahitya Movva^{1

2}, Carl G Schirmeister^{3

4}, Timo Hees³, David Tavakoli¹, Erik H Licht⁴, Rolf Mülhaupt^{3

5}, Hamid Garmestani¹, Karl I Jacob^{1

6}

Affiliations

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
² Intel Corporation, 2501 NE Century Blvd, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States.
³ Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg D-79104, Germany.
⁴ Basell Sales & Marketing B.V., LyondellBasell Industries, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt a.M. D-65926, Germany.
⁵ Sustainability Center Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, Freiburg D-79104, Germany.
⁶ G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.

Abstract

In this work, crystallographic texture evolution in 3D printed trimodal polyethylene (PE) blends and high-density PE (HDPE) benchmark material were investigated to quantify the resulting material anisotropy, and the results were compared to materials made from conventional injection molded (IM) samples. Trimodal PE reactor blends consisting of HDPE, ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), and HDPE_wax have been used for 3D printing and injection molding. Changes in the preferred orientation and distribution of crystallites, i.e., texture evolution, were quantified utilizing the wide angle X-ray diffraction through pole figures and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) for 3D printed and IM samples. Since the change in weight-average molecular weight (M_w) of the blend was expected to significantly affect the resulting crystallinity and orientation, the overall M_w of the trimodal PE blend was varied while keeping the UHMWPE component weight fraction to 10% in the blend. The resulting texture was analyzed by varying the overall M_w of the trimodal blend and the process parameters in 3D printing and compared to the texture of conventional IM samples. The printing speed and orientation (defined with respect to the axis along the length of the samples) were used as the variable process parameters for 3D printing. The degree of anisotropy increases with an increase in the nonuniform distribution of intensities in pole figures and ODFs. All the highest intensity major texture components in IM and 3D printed samples (0° printing orientation) of reactor blends are observed to have crystals oriented in [001] or [001̅]. Overall, for the same throughput, 3D printed samples in the 0° orientation showed greater texture evolution and higher anisotropy compared to IM samples. Most notably, an increase in 3D printing speed increased the crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, increasing the anisotropy, while deviation from this printing orientation reduced crystalline distribution closer to the 0° direction, thus increasing isotropy. This demonstrates that tailoring material properties in specific directions can be achieved more effectively with 3D printing than with the injection molding process. Change in the overall M_w of the trimodal PE blend changed the preferential orientation distribution of the crystal planes to some degree. However, the degree of anisotropy remained the same in almost all cases, indicating that the effect of molecular weight distribution is not as significant as the printing speed and printing orientation in tailoring the resulting properties. The 3D printing process parameters (speed and orientation) were shown to have more influence on the texture than the material parameters associated with the blend.