Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Complications

Dharmendra Pradhan; Prafulla Kumar Sahu; Sukumar Purohit; Santosh Kumar Ranajit; Biswajeet Acharya; Shreya Sangam; Amit Kumar Shrivastava

doi:10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837

Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Complications

Curr Diabetes Rev. 2024 May 3. doi: 10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Dharmendra Pradhan¹, Prafulla Kumar Sahu¹, Sukumar Purohit¹, Santosh Kumar Ranajit¹, Biswajeet Acharya¹, Shreya Sangam², Amit Kumar Shrivastava³

Affiliations

¹ School of Pharmacy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.
² Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
³ Department of Oriental Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental medicines research institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk, South Korea.

PMID: 38706367
DOI: 10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an alarming health concern, affecting approximately 537 million people worldwide. As a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, DM demands a comprehensive understanding of its diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and disease progression.

Methods: This traditional review has consolidated literature on the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia, its progression into complications, and advances in optimal treatment strategies. The literature in the last two decades has been reviewed using several keywords, including "diabetes," "diabetes-associated complications", "novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes-associated diseases", "phyto-extracts as antidiabetic drugs", etc. in prominent databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Results: We have discussed macrovascular and microvascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), stroke, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that are currently available for the management of DM. We have also focused on the potential of natural products in targeting molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production, repair of pancreatic cells, and reduction of oxidative stress, thereby contributing to their antidiabetic activity. Additionally, novel therapeutic approaches, like genetic, stem cell, and immunomodulatory therapies, have been explored. We have also discussed the benefits and limitations of each intervention, emerging research and technologies, and precision medicine interventions.

Conclusion: This review has emphasized the need for an improved understanding of these advancements, which is essential to enhance clinicians' ability to identify the most effective therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; herbal therapy.; nephropathy; neuropathy; pathogenesis; retinopathy; therapeutic interventions.