Advancing nursing education in Brazil: A systematic literature review of curricular evolution and emerging challenges

Abstract

Objective: This study assesses changes and challenges within the nursing curriculum in the Brazilian context, focusing on addressing contemporary professional and societal demands.

Design: A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify and analyze the changes in Brazil's nursing curricula over time.

Data sources: Articles published between 1987 and 2023 were selected from Scopus and Web of Science databases for the systematic review.

Review methods: A hybrid review approach was employed, integrating Systematic Literature Review (SLR), Bibliometrics, and metanarrative. The study adhered to the SPAR-4-SLR (Scientific Procedures and Rationale for Systematic Literature Reviews) protocol, involving three main stages: (i) aggregation, (ii) organization, and (iii) evaluation. The analysis primarily focused on identifying emerging trends and evaluating curricular changes over the specified timeframe.

Results: Analysis of the selected literature identified four principal thematic groups that emerged during the review period: (i) longitudinal curriculum assessment, (ii) biological and health sciences, (iii) human and social sciences, and (iv) nursing sciences. Noteworthy trends included the integration of emerging topics like mental health and care for victims of violence, coupled with a notable increase in emphasis on transformative and competency-based education. Nevertheless, significant gaps were observed in the existing literature, particularly concerning the absence of perspectives from students and recent graduates and limited research on vulnerabilities within the curriculum structure.

Conclusions: This study underscores the imperative for flexible and adaptable nursing curricula that effectively address Brazil's diverse regional and social realities. It emphasizes the significance of adopting a holistic and inclusive approach to nursing education, preparing professionals to confront contemporary health challenges in a nation characterized by extensive cultural diversity and vast geographical dimensions. Further research and input from students and recent graduates are indispensable to rectify the gaps and ensure the continuous evolution of nursing education in Brazil.

Keywords: Brazil; Curriculum; Emerging challenges; Nursing education; Review.