The YTHDF proteins display distinct cellular functions on m6A-modified RNA

Abstract

YTHDF proteins are main cytoplasmic 'reader' proteins of RNA N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) methylation in mammals. They are largely responsible for m⁶A-mediated regulation in the cell cytosol by controlling both mRNA translation and degradation. Recent functional and mechanistic investigations of the YTHDF proteins revealed that these proteins have different functions to enable versatile regulation of the epitranscriptome. Their divergent functions largely originate from their different amino acid sequences in the low-complexity N termini. Consequently, they have different phase separation propensities and possess distinct post-translational modifications (PTMs). Different PTMs, subcellular localizations, and competition among partner proteins have emerged as three major mechanisms that control the functions of these YTHDF proteins. We also summarize recent progress on critical roles of these YTHDF proteins in anticancer immunity and the potential for targeting these proteins for developing new anticancer therapies.

Keywords: RNA m(6)A methylation; anticancer immunity; functional degeneracy; messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP); tumor microenvironment.