Not all kratom is equal: The important distinction between native leaf and extract products

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
• ² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• ³ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
• ⁴ Departments of Psychiatry and Palliative Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
• ⁵ National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.