Socioeconomic and education-based inequality in suspected developmental delays among Nepalese children: a subnational level assessment

Abstract

Failure to meet early childhood developmental milestones leads to difficulty in schooling and social functioning. Evidence on the inequality in the burden of developmental delays across population groups, and identification of potential risk factors for suspected developmental delays (SDD) among younger children, are essential for designing appropriate policies and programs. This study explored the level of socioeconomic and maternal education-based inequality in the prevalence of SDD among Nepalese children at subnational level and identified potential risk factors. Individual-level data from the 2019 Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was used to estimate the prevalence of SDD among children aged 3-4 years. Regression-based slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality were used to measure the magnitude of inequality, in terms of household socioeconomic status (SES) and mother's education, in the prevalence of SDD. In addition, a multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for SDD. The national prevalence of SDD was found to be 34.8%, with relatively higher prevalence among children from rural areas (40.0%) and those from Karnali Province (45.0%) followed by Madhesh province (44.2%), and Sudhurpashchim Province (40.1%). The prevalence of SDD was 32 percentage points higher (SII: -0.32) among children from the poorest households compared to their rich counterparts at the national level. At the subnational level, such inequality was found to be highest in Lumbini Province (SII = -0.47) followed by Karnali Province (SII = -0.37), and Bagmati Province (SII = -0.37). The prevalence of SDD was 36 percentage points higher (SII: -0.36) among children whose mother had no formal education compared to children of higher educated mothers. The magnitude of education-based absolute inequality in SDD was highest in Lumbini Province (SII = -0.44). Multilevel logistic regression model identified lower levels of mother's education, disadvantaged SES and childhood stunting as significant risk factors for SDD. One in each three children in Nepal may experience SDD, with relatively higher prevalence among children from rural areas. Subnational level variation in prevalence, and socioeconomic and education-based inequality in SDD highlight the urgent need for province-specific tailored interventions to promote early childhood development in Nepal.