Randomized Trials Fit for the 21st Century: A Joint Opinion From the European Society of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and the World Heart Federation

Affiliations

• ¹ Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (L.B.).
• ² Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (L.B.).
• ³ President, European Society of Cardiology, 2nd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Landstrasse, Vienna, Austria (F.W.).
• ⁴ President, American Heart Association. Walter A. Haas-Lucie Stern Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Admissions Dean, University of California San Francisco Medical School. Director, Center for the Study of Adversity and Cardiovascular Disease (NURTURE Center), San Francisco, CA, USA (M.A.A.).
• ⁵ President, American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA; Chair, Ascension Health Cardiovascular Service Line, Indianapolis, IN, USA (E.T.A.F.).
• ⁶ President, World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland (F.J.P.).
• ⁷ Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria University Hospital, CHULN E.P.E., CCUL, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (F.J.P.).