Unhealthy Food at Your Fingertips: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Restaurants and Takeaway Outlets on an Online Food Delivery Platform in New Zealand

Nutrients. 2022 Oct 30;14(21):4567. doi: 10.3390/nu14214567.

Abstract

Online food delivery (OFD) platforms have become increasingly popular due to advanced technology, which is changing the way consumers purchase food prepared outside of the home. There is limited research investigating the healthiness of the digital food environment and its influence on consumer choice and dietary behaviours. This study is the first to examine the nutritional quality and marketing attributes of menu items from popular independent and franchise restaurants and takeaway outlets on New Zealand’s market leading OFD platform (UberEATS®). A total of 374 popular independent and franchise restaurants and takeaway outlets were identified to form a database of complete menus and marketing attributes. All 25,877 menu items were classified into 38 food and beverage categories based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Of complete menus, 73.3% (18,955/25,877) were discretionary. Thirty-six percent (9419/25,877) were discretionary cereal-based mixed meals, the largest of the 38 categories. Discretionary menu items were more likely to be categorized as most popular (OR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.7−2.2), accompanied by a photo (OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.6−1.8), and offered as a value bundle (OR: 4.6, 95% CI 3.2−6.8). Two of the three discretionary mixed meal categories were significantly less expensive than their healthier counterparts (p < 0.001). The overwhelming availability and promotion of discretionary choices offered by restaurants and takeaway outlets on OFD platforms have implications for public health policy. Further research to explore direct associations between nutritional quality and consumers’ dietary choices is required.

Keywords: diet; fast food; food environment; franchise outlet; independent outlet; nutrition; online food delivery; takeaway foods; value bundle; young adult.

MeSH terms

  • Australia
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Fast Foods*
  • New Zealand
  • Nutritive Value
  • Restaurants*

Grants and funding

This research was funded by a University of Sydney Cardiovascular Initiative Catalyst Awards Seed Funding Grant for Bioengineering and Digital Science, and Charles Perkins Centre Early to Mid-Career Researcher Seed Funding Grant; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia and National Heart Foundation (NHF) Early Career Fellowship awarded to S.R.P. (APP1157438); and NHMRC Investigator Grant Level 2 [GNT2007946] awarded to J.R.; NHMRC Emerging Leader 1 Investigator Grant awarded to A.A.G. (APP1173784). MAF previously received funding from the Australian Research Council and Cancer Council NSW to investigate food prepared outside the home.