Preventing the Next Pandemic: Is Live Vaccine Efficacious against Monkeypox, or Is There a Need for Killed Virus and mRNA Vaccines?

Abdelaziz Abdelaal; Abdullah Reda; Basant Ismail Lashin; Basant E Katamesh; Aml M Brakat; Balqees Mahmoud Al-Manaseer; Sayanika Kaur; Ankush Asija; Nimesh K Patel; Soney Basnyat; Ali A Rabaan; Saad Alhumaid; Hawra Albayat; Mohammed Aljeldah; Basim R Al Shammari; Amal H Al-Najjar; Ahmed K Al-Jassem; Sultan T AlShurbaji; Fatimah S Alshahrani; Ahlam Alynbiawi; Zainab H Alfaraj; Duaa H Alfaraj; Ahmed H Aldawood; Yub Raj Sedhai; Victoria Mumbo; Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales; Ranjit Sah

doi:10.3390/vaccines10091419

Preventing the Next Pandemic: Is Live Vaccine Efficacious against Monkeypox, or Is There a Need for Killed Virus and mRNA Vaccines?

Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Aug 29;10(9):1419. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10091419.

Authors

Abdelaziz Abdelaal^{1

2

3

4}, Abdullah Reda⁵, Basant Ismail Lashin⁶, Basant E Katamesh^{3

4}, Aml M Brakat⁷, Balqees Mahmoud Al-Manaseer^{8

9}, Sayanika Kaur¹⁰, Ankush Asija¹⁰, Nimesh K Patel¹¹, Soney Basnyat¹¹, Ali A Rabaan^{12

13

14}, Saad Alhumaid¹⁵, Hawra Albayat¹⁶, Mohammed Aljeldah¹⁷, Basim R Al Shammari¹⁷, Amal H Al-Najjar¹⁸, Ahmed K Al-Jassem¹⁸, Sultan T AlShurbaji¹⁹, Fatimah S Alshahrani^{20

21}, Ahlam Alynbiawi²², Zainab H Alfaraj²³, Duaa H Alfaraj²³, Ahmed H Aldawood²⁴, Yub Raj Sedhai²⁵, Victoria Mumbo²⁶, Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales^{27

28

29

30}, Ranjit Sah^{1

27

31}

Affiliations

¹ Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
² School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
³ Tanta Research Team, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
⁶ Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Benha 13511, Egypt.
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Ash Sharqia Governorate, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
⁸ Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan.
⁹ School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan.
¹⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
¹¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
¹² Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
¹³ College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴ Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
¹⁵ Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁶ Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁷ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸ Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁹ Outpatient Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh 91877, Saudi Arabia.
²⁰ Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.
²¹ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
²² Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia.
²³ Department of Nursing, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia.
²⁴ Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam 31411, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵ Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kentucky, Bowling Green, KY 40292, USA.
²⁶ Coast General Teaching and Referral Hospital, Mombasa P.O. Box 90231-80100, Kenya.
²⁷ Latin American Network on Monkeypox Virus Research (LAMOVI), Pereira 66001, Colombia.
²⁸ Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 12998, Colombia.
²⁹ Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónomade las Américas, Pereira 66003, Colombia.
³⁰ Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 4861, Peru.
³¹ Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal.

Abstract

(1) Background: The monkeypox virus (MPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Orthopoxvirus genus. It was called monkeypox because it was first discovered in monkeys, in a Danish laboratory, in 1958. However, the actual reservoir for MPV is still unknown. (2) Methods and Results: We have reviewed the existing literature on the options for Monkeypox virus. There are three available vaccines for orthopoxviruses-ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16-with the first being a replicating vaccine and the latter being non- or minimally replicating. (3) Conclusions: Smallpox vaccinations previously provided coincidental immunity to MPV. ACAM2000 (a live-attenuated replicating vaccine) and JYNNEOS (a live-attenuated, nonreplicating vaccine) are two US FDA-approved vaccines that can prevent monkeypox. However, ACAM2000 may cause serious side effects, including cardiac problems, whereas JYNNEOS is associated with fewer complications. The recent outbreaks across the globe have once again highlighted the need for constant monitoring and the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities. Based on available data, there is still a need to develop an effective and safe new generation of vaccines specific for monkeypox that are killed or developed into a mRNA vaccine before monkeypox is declared a pandemic.

Keywords: monkeypox; outbreak; vaccine.

Publication types

Review

Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.