Harlequin syndrome (HS) is a rare autonomic disorder. The causes and risk factors of the disease are not fully understood. Some cases of HS are associated with traumatic injuries, tumors, or vascular impairments of the head. Symptoms of HS can also occur in some autoimmune disorders, ophthalmic disorders, sleep disorders, and with certain organic lesions. In this context, a thorough review of the pathophysiology of HS in relation to neurological, ophthalmological, and dermatological conditions is necessary. In this mini-review, we aim to review the pathophysiological changes and underlying mechanisms in primary and secondary HS. Additionally, we discuss possible management approaches for patients with HS in light of the discussed pathological mechanisms. The main symptoms of HS that are correlated with autonomic nervous system impairments include sudden unilateral flushing of the face, neck, chest, and rarely arm, with concurrent contralateral anhidrosis. Despite reported co-occurring syndromes (such as cluster headaches), several studies have shown that HS could frequently overlap with other syndromes that are disruptive to the idiopathic nerve pathways. HS usually does not require any medical treatment. In some severe cases, symptomatic treatments could be needed. However, total symptomatic relief may not be achieved in many cases of HS. We therefore suggest an approach to comprehensive management of HS, which may lead to better long-term control of HS.
Keywords: Harlequin syndrome; anhidrosis; autonomic nervous system impairment; face flushing; iatrogenic; idiopathic; neurovascular; sweating; sympathetic; unilateral.