Histomorphological and functional contralateral symmetry in the gastrocnemius muscles of the laboratory rat

Abstract

It is usual in anatomical and physiological research to assess the effects of some intervention on extremities (e.g., training programmes or injury recovery protocols) using one muscle for the intervention and its contralateral as control. However, the existence of laterality (left-handedness or right-handedness) in athletes of different specialities is widely recognized. In rats, gastrocnemius is one of the muscles most widely used because of its importance in locomotion and high relative limb mass. Since we have not found studies reporting laterality assessment on the morphology and function in rat gastrocnemius, our study aimed to evaluate the fibre histochemical, morphometrical and muscle force contractile properties between right and left gastrocnemius of the laboratory rat. Fibre-type proportion, fibre morphometrical measurements, muscle capillarization and muscle force properties were analysed in the right and left gastrocnemius of six male rats. No statistically significant differences (p = 0.265) were found in gastrocnemius to body weight ratio (‰) between right (6.55 ± 0.40) and left (6.49 ± 0.40) muscles. The muscles analysed showed a great degree of heterogeneity in fibre type distribution, having three clearly distinguished regions named red, mixed and white. In the three regions, there were no statistical differences in fibre type proportions between right and left gastrocnemius, as is indicated by the p-values (from 0.203 to 0.941) obtained after running t-Student paired tests for each fibre type. When analysing fibre cross-sectional area, individual fibre capillarization and fibre circularity, no significant differences between right and left gastrocnemius in any of these morphometrical parameters were found in any muscle region or fibre type. Most of the p-values (70%) resulting from running t-Student paired tests were higher than 0.400, and the lowest p-value was 0.115. Seemingly, global capillary and fibre densities were not statistically different between right and left sides in all muscle regions with p-values ranging from 0.337 to 0.812. Force parameters normalized to gastrocnemius mass (mN g^-1 ) did not show any significant difference between right (PF = 74.0 ± 13.4, TF = 219.4 ± 13.0) and left (PF = 70.9 ± 10.7, TF = 213.0 ± 18.0) muscles with p = 0.623 (PF) and p = 0.514 (TF). Twitch time parameters (ms) also lacked significant differences between the two sides (CT: 43.4 ± 8.6 vs. 45.0 ± 14.3, p = 0.639; HRT: 77.6 ± 15.0 vs. 82.3 ± 25.3, p = 0.475). Finally, both muscles also showed similar (p = 0.718) fatigue properties. We did find an absence of laterality at the morphological and functional levels, which raises the possibility of using right and left gastrocnemius muscles interchangeably for experimental designs where one muscle is used to analyse data after a physiological intervention and its contralateral muscle plays the control role, thus allowing unbiased paired comparisons to derive accurate conclusions.

Keywords: fibre types; histochemistry; laterality; muscle force.