High prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Nur 'Aini Eddy Warman; Hazlyna Baharuddin; Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul Rahman; Nurhuda Ismail; Shereen Suyin Ch'Ng; Azmillah Rosman; Rohana Abdul Ghani

doi:10.1177/20503121221088088

High prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

SAGE Open Med. 2022 Mar 25:10:20503121221088088. doi: 10.1177/20503121221088088. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Nur 'Aini Eddy Warman¹, Hazlyna Baharuddin², Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul Rahman³, Nurhuda Ismail⁴, Shereen Suyin Ch'Ng⁵, Azmillah Rosman⁵, Rohana Abdul Ghani¹

Affiliations

¹ Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
² Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
³ Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
⁴ Population Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
⁵ Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Selayang, Batu Caves, Malaysia.

Abstract

Objectives: Although the risk of diabetes mellitus has been recognised in rheumatoid arthritis, undiagnosed dysglycaemia remained under-reported. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of dysglycaemia among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, utilising the oral glucose tolerance test.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved patients with rheumatoid arthritis, aged ⩾30 years. Following an oral glucose tolerance test, they were divided into two: dysglycaemia and normoglycaemia. Demographic and laboratory parameters were compared using logistic regression analyses.

Results: There were 35.5% (55/155) patients with dysglycaemia (including 25.8% impaired glucose tolerance, 7.1% diabetes mellitus and 1.9% with both impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance). Patients with dysglycaemia were heavier (65.5 ± 12.3 versus 60.7 ± 10.6 kg, p = 0.01), had wider waist (89.0 ± 12.5 versus 83.1 ± 9.6 cm, p < 0.01), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.4 ± 0.3 versus 1.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p = 0.02), higher triglyceride (1.3 (0.9-1.8) versus 0.9 (0.8-1.2) mmol/L, p < 0.01) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (361.79 (290.38-481.84) versus 315.92 (251.45-407.93) ng/mL, p = 0.01). History of smoking (odds ratio: 5.70, confidence interval: 1.27-25.7), elevated triglyceride (odds ratio: 2.87, confidence interval: 1.33-6.22) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (odds ratio: 1.003, confidence interval: 1.001-1.006) were significantly associated with dysglycaemia.

Conclusions: Prevalence of undiagnosed dysglycaemia, particularly impaired glucose tolerance, was high in these patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, which was not associated with disease activity or corticosteroid use. Those with high triglyceride, history of smoking and elevated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were the two significant predictors for dysglycaemia in our patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Oral glucose tolerance test could be an important laboratory investigation for dysglycaemia in these high-risk patients.

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis; dysglycaemia; impaired glucose tolerance; oral glucose tolerance test; type 2 diabetes mellitus.