Objectives: We previously demonstrated that three months into the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact on individuals with treatment-resistant psychotic disorders was modest. Here, we examined and compared the psychological and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the same patient cohort 12 months after their initial study engagement.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 54 individuals (85.7% response rate) between June 12 and July 29, 2021, 12 months after their initial interviews. Participants' subjective experience of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety symptoms, social and vocational functioning was measured utilising the same Likert scales at both time points. Anxiety symptoms were additionally measured using subjective (Beck Anxiety Inventory) and objective (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS)) psychometric instruments. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon ranked tests compared parametric or non-parametric data over time. Free-text responses pertaining to participants' perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 were grouped into themes.
Results: A minor increase in anxiety symptoms was demonstrated utilising the HARS (1.9 points, z = 3.017, p = 0.003), with a minimal increase in depressive symptoms noted using Likert ratings (0.8 points, z = 2.119, p = 0.034). Five themes were identified with the most prevalent being (i) positivity regarding vaccination, (ii) social isolation from family members and (iii) looking forward to post-COVID-19 'normality'. However, negative views pertaining to the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 and vaccination were additionally reported.
Conclusions: No significant overall clinical change in symptomatology or functioning over time was noted.The study demonstrated that positive views regarding vaccination and optimism for the future were evident for some participants.
Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; clozapine; schizophrenia; vaccination.