Reply to Gremese et al.: Statistical reasoning to evaluate treatment effects when data are collected with lack of design: Covid-19 experience

Affiliations

• ¹ University Centre of Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, "Vita Salute San Raffaele" University, 20132 Milan, Italy; diserio.clelia@hsr.it.
• ² Biomedical Faculty, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
• ³ Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
• ⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
• ⁵ Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
• ⁶ Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
• ⁷ Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.