Developing a Health Game to Prepare Preschool Children for Anesthesia: Formative Study Using a Child-Centered Approach

Brynja Ingadottir; Elina Laitonen; Adalheidur Stefansdottir; Anna Olafia Sigurdardottir; Berglind Brynjolfsdottir; Heidi Parisod; Johanna Nyman; Karitas Gunnarsdottir; Katrín Jónsdóttir; Sanna Salanterä; Anni Pakarinen

doi:10.2196/31471

Developing a Health Game to Prepare Preschool Children for Anesthesia: Formative Study Using a Child-Centered Approach

JMIR Serious Games. 2022 Jan 20;10(1):e31471. doi: 10.2196/31471.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
² Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
³ Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
⁴ City of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland.
⁵ Children's Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
⁶ Nursing Research Foundation, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷ Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.

PMID: 35049507
PMCID: PMC8814931
DOI: 10.2196/31471

Abstract

Background: Every year, millions of children undergo medical procedures that require anesthesia. Fear and anxiety are common among young children undergoing such procedures and can interfere with the child's recovery and well-being. Relaxation, distraction, and education are methods that can be used to prepare children and help them cope with fear and anxiety, and serious games may be a suitable medium for these purposes. User-centered design emphasizes the involvement of end users during the development and testing of products, but involving young, preschool children may be challenging.

Objective: One objective of this study was to describe the development and usability of a computer-based educational health game intended for preschool children to prepare them for upcoming anesthesia. A further objective was to describe the lessons learned from using a child-centered approach with the young target group.

Methods: A formative mixed methods child (user)-centered study design was used to develop and test the usability of the game. Preschool children (4-6 years old) informed the game design through playful workshops (n=26), and usability testing was conducted through game-playing and interviews (n=16). Data were collected in Iceland and Finland with video-recorded direct observation and interviews, as well as children's drawings, and analyzed with content analysis and descriptive statistics.

Results: The children shared their knowledge and ideas about hospitals, different emotions, and their preferences concerning game elements. Testing revealed the high usability of the game and provided important information that was used to modify the game before publishing and that will be used in its further development.

Conclusions: Preschool children can inform game design through playful workshops about health-related subjects that they are not necessarily familiar with but that are relevant for them. The game's usability was improved with the participation of the target group, and the game is now ready for clinical testing.

Keywords: anesthesia; child-centred design; children; digital health; educational games; health games; hospital; patient education; serious games; surgery; user-centred design; video games.

©Brynja Ingadottir, Elina Laitonen, Adalheidur Stefansdottir, Anna Olafia Sigurdardottir, Berglind Brynjolfsdottir, Heidi Parisod, Johanna Nyman, Karitas Gunnarsdottir, Katrín Jónsdóttir, Sanna Salanterä, Anni Pakarinen. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 20.01.2022.