Axion Dark Matter Experiment: Detailed design and operations

R Khatiwada; D Bowring; A S Chou; A Sonnenschein; W Wester; D V Mitchell; T Braine; C Bartram; R Cervantes; N Crisosto; N Du; L J Rosenberg; G Rybka; J Yang; D Will; S Kimes; G Carosi; N Woollett; S Durham; L D Duffy; R Bradley; C Boutan; M Jones; B H LaRoque; N S Oblath; M S Taubman; J Tedeschi; John Clarke; A Dove; A Hashim; I Siddiqi; N Stevenson; A Eddins; S R O'Kelley; S Nawaz; A Agrawal; A V Dixit; J R Gleason; S Jois; P Sikivie; N S Sullivan; D B Tanner; J A Solomon; E Lentz; E J Daw; M G Perry; J H Buckley; P M Harrington; E A Henriksen; K W Murch; G C Hilton

doi:10.1063/5.0037857

Axion Dark Matter Experiment: Detailed design and operations

Rev Sci Instrum. 2021 Dec 1;92(12):124502. doi: 10.1063/5.0037857.

Authors

R Khatiwada¹, D Bowring², A S Chou³, A Sonnenschein³, W Wester³, D V Mitchell³, T Braine⁴, C Bartram⁴, R Cervantes⁴, N Crisosto⁴, N Du⁴, L J Rosenberg⁴, G Rybka⁴, J Yang⁴, D Will⁴, S Kimes⁴, G Carosi⁵, N Woollett⁵, S Durham⁵, L D Duffy⁶, R Bradley⁷, C Boutan⁸, M Jones⁸, B H LaRoque⁸, N S Oblath⁸, M S Taubman⁸, J Tedeschi⁸, John Clarke⁹, A Dove⁹, A Hashim⁹, I Siddiqi⁹, N Stevenson⁹, A Eddins⁹, S R O'Kelley⁹, S Nawaz⁹, A Agrawal¹⁰, A V Dixit¹⁰, J R Gleason¹¹, S Jois¹¹, P Sikivie¹¹, N S Sullivan¹¹, D B Tanner¹¹, J A Solomon¹¹, E Lentz¹², E J Daw¹³, M G Perry¹³, J H Buckley¹⁴, P M Harrington¹⁴, E A Henriksen¹⁴, K W Murch¹⁴, G C Hilton¹⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA and Fermilab Quantum Institute, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
² Accelerator Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
³ Particle Physics Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
⁴ Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
⁵ Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
⁶ Accelerators and Electrodynamics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
⁷ NRAO Technology Center, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA.
⁸ National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
¹¹ Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
¹² Department of Physics, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
¹³ Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
¹⁴ Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
¹⁵ Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.

PMID: 34972408
DOI: 10.1063/5.0037857

Abstract

Axion dark matter experiment ultra-low noise haloscope technology has enabled the successful completion of two science runs (1A and 1B) that looked for dark matter axions in the 2.66-3.1 μeV mass range with Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnisky sensitivity [Du et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 151301 (2018) and Braine et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 101303 (2020)]. Therefore, it is the most sensitive axion search experiment to date in this mass range. We discuss the technological advances made in the last several years to achieve this sensitivity, which includes the implementation of components, such as the state-of-the-art quantum-noise-limited amplifiers and a dilution refrigerator. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a frequency tunable microstrip superconducting quantum interference device amplifier in run 1A, and a Josephson parametric amplifier in run 1B, along with novel analysis tools that characterize the system noise temperature.