Localization and Identification of Brain Microstructural Abnormalities in Paediatric Concussion

David Stillo; Ethan Danielli; Rachelle A Ho; Carol DeMatteo; Geoffrey B Hall; Nicholas A Bock; John F Connolly; Michael D Noseworthy

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.657374

Localization and Identification of Brain Microstructural Abnormalities in Paediatric Concussion

Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 May 31:15:657374. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.657374. eCollection 2021.

Authors

David Stillo^{1

2}, Ethan Danielli^{1

2}, Rachelle A Ho^{3

4}, Carol DeMatteo^{3

5}, Geoffrey B Hall^{1

4}, Nicholas A Bock⁴, John F Connolly^{2

4

5

6}, Michael D Noseworthy^{1

2

5

7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
² McMaster School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
³ School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
⁴ Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
⁵ ARiEAL Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
⁶ Department of Linguistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
⁷ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
⁸ Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Abstract

In the United States, approximately 2.53 million people sustain a concussion each year. Relative to adults, youth show greater cognitive deficits following concussion and a longer recovery. An accurate and reliable imaging method is needed to determine injury severity and symptom resolution. The primary objective of this study was to characterize concussions with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This was performed through a normative Z-scoring analysis of DTI metrics, fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD), to quantify patient-specific injuries and identify commonly damaged brain regions in paediatric concussion patients relative to healthy controls. It was hypothesized that personalizing the detection analysis through normative Z-scoring would provide an understanding of trauma-induced microstructural damage. Concussion patients were volunteers recruited from the Emergency Department of the McMaster Children's Hospital with a recent concussion (n = 26), 9 males and 17 females, mean age 14.22 ± 2.64, while healthy paediatric brain DTI datasets (25 males and 24 females, mean age 13.52 ± 1.03) were obtained from an MRI data repository. Significant abnormalities were commonly found in the longitudinal fasciculus, fronto-occipital fasciculus, and corticospinal tract, while unique abnormalities were localized in a number of other areas reflecting the individuality of each child's injury. Total injury burden, determined by the number of regions containing outliers per DTI metric per patient, was used as the metric to quantify the overall injury severity of each patient. The primary outcome of this analysis found that younger patients experienced a significantly greater injury burden when measured using fractional anisotropy (p < 0.001). These results show that DTI was able to detect microstructural changes caused by concussion, on a per-person basis, and has the potential to be a useful tool for improving diagnostic accuracy and prognosis of a concussion.

Keywords: MRI; concussion; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); paediatric; personalized.