Mycobacteria Tolerate Carbon Monoxide by Remodeling Their Respiratory Chain

Katherine Bayly; Paul R F Cordero; Ashleigh Kropp; Cheng Huang; Ralf B Schittenhelm; Rhys Grinter; Chris Greening

doi:10.1128/mSystems.01292-20

Mycobacteria Tolerate Carbon Monoxide by Remodeling Their Respiratory Chain

mSystems. 2021 May 11;6(3):e01292-20. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.01292-20.

Authors

Katherine Bayly^#^{1

2}, Paul R F Cordero^#^{1

2}, Ashleigh Kropp¹, Cheng Huang^{3

4}, Ralf B Schittenhelm^{3

4}, Rhys Grinter^{5

2}, Chris Greening^{5

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
² School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
³ Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
⁴ Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
⁵ Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia rhys.grinter@monash.edu chris.greening@monash.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is infamous for its acute toxicity. This toxicity predominantly stems from its tendency to form carbonyl complexes with transition metals, thus inhibiting the heme-prosthetic groups of proteins, including respiratory terminal oxidases. While CO has been proposed as an antibacterial agent, the evidence supporting its toxicity toward bacteria is equivocal, and its cellular targets remain poorly defined. In this work, we investigate the physiological response of mycobacteria to CO. We show that Mycobacterium smegmatis is highly resistant to the toxic effects of CO, exhibiting only minor inhibition of growth when cultured in its presence. We profiled the proteome of M. smegmatis during growth in CO, identifying strong induction of cytochrome bd oxidase and members of the dos regulon, but relatively few other changes. We show that the activity of cytochrome bd oxidase is resistant to CO, whereas cytochrome bcc-aa ₃ oxidase is strongly inhibited by this gas. Consistent with these findings, growth analysis shows that M. smegmatis lacking cytochrome bd oxidase displays a significant growth defect in the presence of CO, while induction of the dos regulon appears to be unimportant for adaptation to CO. Altogether, our findings indicate that M. smegmatis has considerable resistance to CO and benefits from respiratory flexibility to withstand its inhibitory effects.IMPORTANCE Carbon monoxide has an infamous reputation as a toxic gas, and it has been suggested that it has potential as an antibacterial agent. Despite this, how bacteria resist its toxic effects is not well understood. In this study, we investigated how CO influences growth, proteome, and aerobic respiration of wild-type and mutant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis We show that this bacterium produces the CO-resistant cytochrome bd oxidase to tolerate poisoning of its CO-sensitive complex IV homolog. Further, we show that aside from this remodeling of its respiratory chain, M. smegmatis makes few other functional changes to its proteome, suggesting it has a high level of inherent resistance to CO.

Keywords: Mycobacterium; carbon monoxide; proteomics; respiratory oxidases.