The role of alcohol use in the aetiology and progression of liver disease: A narrative review and a quantification

Abstract

Issues: Alcohol use has been shown to impact on various forms of liver disease, not restricted to alcoholic liver disease.

Approach: We developed a conceptual framework based on a narrative review of the literature to identify causal associations between alcohol use and various forms of liver disease including the complex interactions of alcohol with other major risk factors. Based on this framework, we estimate the identified relations for 2017 for the USA.

Key findings: The following pathways were identified and modelled for the USA for the year 2017. Alcohol use caused 35 200 (95% uncertainty interval 32 800-37 800) incident cases of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. There were 1700 (uncertainty interval 1100-2500) acute hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections attributable to heavy-drinking occasions, and 14 000 (uncertainty interval 5900-19 500) chronic HBV and 1700 (uncertainty interval 700-2400) chronic HCV infections due to heavy alcohol use interfering with spontaneous clearance. Alcohol use and its interactions with other risk factors (HBV, HCV, obesity) led to 54 500 (uncertainty interval 50 900-58 400) new cases of liver cirrhosis. In addition, alcohol use caused 6600 (uncertainty interval 4200-9300) liver cancer deaths and 40 700 (uncertainty interval 36 600-44 600) liver cirrhosis deaths.

Implications: Alcohol use causes a substantial number of incident cases and deaths from chronic liver disease, often in interaction with other risk factors.

Conclusion: This additional disease burden is not reflected in the current alcoholic liver disease categories. Clinical work and prevention policies need to take this into consideration.

Keywords: alcohol; hepatitis C virus; liver disease; metabolic dysfunction; mortality incidence.