Disease Diagnostics and Potential Coinfections by Vibrio coralliilyticus During an Ongoing Coral Disease Outbreak in Florida

Blake Ushijima; Julie L Meyer; Sharon Thompson; Kelly Pitts; Michael F Marusich; Jessica Tittl; Elizabeth Weatherup; Jacqueline Reu; Raquel Wetzell; Greta S Aeby; Claudia C Häse; Valerie J Paul

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.569354

Disease Diagnostics and Potential Coinfections by Vibrio coralliilyticus During an Ongoing Coral Disease Outbreak in Florida

Front Microbiol. 2020 Oct 26:11:569354. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.569354. eCollection 2020.

Affiliations

¹ Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL, United States.
² Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
³ mAbDx, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States.
⁴ Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.

Abstract

A deadly coral disease outbreak has been devastating the Florida Reef Tract since 2014. This disease, stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), affects at least 22 coral species causing the progressive destruction of tissue. The etiological agents responsible for SCTLD are unidentified, but pathogenic bacteria are suspected. Virulence screens of 400 isolates identified four potentially pathogenic strains of Vibrio spp. subsequently identified as V. coralliilyticus. Strains of this species are known coral pathogens; however, cultures were unable to consistently elicit tissue loss, suggesting an opportunistic role. Using an improved immunoassay, the VcpA RapidTest, a toxic zinc-metalloprotease produced by V. coralliilyticus was detected on 22.3% of diseased Montastraea cavernosa (n = 67) and 23.5% of diseased Orbicella faveolata (n = 24). VcpA⁺ corals had significantly higher mortality rates and faster disease progression. For VcpA^- fragments, 21.6% and 33.3% of M. cavernosa and O. faveolata, respectively, died within 21 d of observation, while 100% of similarly sized VcpA⁺ fragments of both species died during the same period. Further physiological and genomic analysis found no apparent differences between the Atlantic V. coralliilyticus strains cultured here and pathogens from the Indo-Pacific but highlighted the diversity among strains and their immense genetic potential. In all, V. coralliilyticus may be causing coinfections that exacerbate existing SCTLD lesions, which could contribute to the intraspecific differences observed between colonies. This study describes potential coinfections contributing to SCTLD virulence as well as diagnostic tools capable of tracking the pathogen involved, which are important contributions to the management and understanding of SCTLD.

Keywords: Vibrio coralliilyticus; coral coinfections; coral disease; digital droplet PCR; immunoassay; stony coral tissue loss disease.