Caring for Coronavirus Healthcare Workers: Lessons Learned From Long-Term Monitoring of Military Peacekeepers

Christer Lunde Gjerstad; Hans Jakob Bøe; Erik Falkum; Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand; Arnfinn Tønnesen; Jon Gerhard Reichelt; June Ullevoldsæter Lystad

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566199

Caring for Coronavirus Healthcare Workers: Lessons Learned From Long-Term Monitoring of Military Peacekeepers

Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 19:11:566199. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566199. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Christer Lunde Gjerstad^{1

2}, Hans Jakob Bøe^{1

3}, Erik Falkum^{2

4}, Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand^{1

5}, Arnfinn Tønnesen¹, Jon Gerhard Reichelt⁶, June Ullevoldsæter Lystad^{2

4

7}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Military Psychiatry, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Oslo, Norway.
² Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Kongsberg DPS, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Kongsberg, Norway.
⁴ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁵ Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
⁶ Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Section of Early Psychoses Treatment, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Abstract

Background: The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is of unprecedented proportions in several regards. Recent reports suggest that many frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) suffer from mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Previous studies have identified several key factors associated with short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs, yet limited data is available on factors associated with long-term PTSS. Understanding the psychological impact of the pandemic on HCWs is important in planning for future outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. In the current study, we look to findings from a highly relevant subsection of the trauma field, the military domain.

Objective: Pandemic HCWs and military peacekeepers may experience similar stressors in the line of duty. This study investigated whether factors linked to short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs were also associated with long-term PTSS in military peacekeepers.

Materials and methods: Peacekeepers who reported pandemic-relevant stressors during deployment to a UN peacekeeping mission were included in the study (N = 1,627). PTSS was self-reported using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Military Version. Descriptive instruments were used to assess possible factors associated with PTSS. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore associations between these factors and PTSS.

Results: Our model accounted for 50% of the variance in PTSS, F(1503,11) = 139.00, p < 0.001. Age, relationship and employment status, preparedness, working environment, social support after deployment, barriers to disclose, recognition, and loneliness were all significantly associated with PTSS on average 30 years after deployment. The most important risk factors of long-term PTSS were personal barriers to disclose one's experiences and current unemployment.

Conclusion: Several factors linked to short-term PTSS in pandemic HCWs were associated with long-term PTSS in peacekeepers. We discuss how these findings may be used to prevent long-term PTSS in HCWs involved in the current COVID-19 outbreak.

Keywords: COVID-19; healthcare workers; mental health; military; posttraumatic stress disorder; resilience (psychological).