Purpose of review: Current hypertension guidelines do not provide recommendation on when-to-treat. Herein, we review the current evidence on ingestion-time differences of hypertension medications in blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.
Recent findings: The vast (81.6%) majority of the 136 published short-term treatment-time trials document benefits, including enhanced reduction of asleep BP and increased sleep-time relative BP decline (dipping), when hypertension medications and their combinations are ingested before sleep rather than upon waking. Long-term outcome trials further document bedtime hypertension therapy markedly reduces risk of major CVD events. The inability of the very small 18.4% of the published trials to substantiate treatment-time difference in effects is mostly explained by deficiencies of study design and conduct. Our comprehensive review of the published literature reveals no single study has reported better benefits of the still conventional, yet scientifically unjustified, morning than bedtime hypertension treatment scheme.
Keywords: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Asleep blood pressure; Bedtime hypertension chronotherapy; Cardiovascular risk reduction; Diagnosis of hypertension; Hygia Chronotherapy Trial.