H/D Exchange Characterization of Silent Coupling: Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation in Allostery

Abstract

The allosteric coupling constant in K-type allosteric systems is defined as a ratio of the binding of substrate in the absence of effector to the binding of the substrate in the presence of a saturating concentration of effector. As a result, the coupling constant is itself an equilibrium value comprised of a ΔH and a TΔS component. In the scenario in which TΔS completely compensates ΔH, no allosteric influence of effector binding on substrate affinity is observed. However, in this "silent coupling" scenario, the presence of effector causes a change in the ΔH associated with substrate binding. A suggestion has now been made that "silent modulators" are ideal drug leads because they can be modified to act as either allosteric activators or inhibitors. Any attempt to rationally design the effector to be an allosteric activator or inhibitor is likely to be benefitted by knowledge of the mechanism that gives rise to coupling. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry detection has now been used to identify regions of proteins that experience conformational and/or dynamic changes in the allosteric regulation. Here, we demonstrate the expected temperature dependence of the allosteric regulation of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase by Ala to demonstrate that this effector reduces substrate (phosphoenolpyruvate) affinity at 35°C and at 10°C but is silent at intermediate temperatures. We then explore the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry to evaluate the areas of the protein that are modified in the mechanism that gives rise to the silent coupling between Ala and phosphoenolpyruvate. Many of the peptide regions of the protein identified as changing in this silent system (Ala as the effector) were included in changes previously identified for allosteric inhibition by Phe.