1 CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. huangdt@upmc.edu.
2 MACRO (Multidisciplinary Acute Care Research Organization) Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. huangdt@upmc.edu.
3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 606B Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. huangdt@upmc.edu.
4 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. huangdt@upmc.edu.
5 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario Y Politécnico La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. ramirez_pau@gva.es.
6 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes, CB06/06/0028), Carlos III Research Institute, Madrid, Spain. ramirez_pau@gva.es.