Angiostrongyliasis

Excerpt

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, commonly known as the "rat lungworm," is a parasitic nematode that causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans. Rats are the definitive hosts and the primary transmitters, while snails and slugs act as intermediate hosts. When ingested inadvertently by human hosts, these nematodes can travel to the brain, eliciting hypersensitive immune reactions upon their death. These immune reactions can result in eosinophilic meningitis and ongoing sequelae, including focal neurological deficits, coma, and death. The parasite is most prevalent in Asia-Pacific; however, outbreaks and sporadic cases have been reported outside endemic areas. Moreover, 9 species have been identified, but A cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis remain the most important human pathogens.

Diagnosis is based on clinical history, laboratory findings, and cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia. Treatment of A cantonensis infection focuses on managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and lowering intracranial pressure. Most cases resolve spontaneously with conservative interventions, including corticosteroids and antihelminthic medications. In some cases, laser and surgical treatment may be used.