Recent Trends in Female and Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups in U.S. Otolaryngology Residency Programs

Abstract

Objectives: Our objectives were to analyze the recent trends in applicants of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) residency programs, including evolutions in sex and racial/ethnic distribution within the applicant pool and subsequent residency cohort.

Methods: Retrospective database and literature review. Data regarding applicants to Oto-HNS programs as well as Oto-HNS residents in the United States from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed from the Electronic Residency Application Service, National Resident Matching Program, and Journal of the American Medical Association.

Results: Between 2008 and 2018, the number of Oto-HNS residency programs and residency positions offered increased from 105 to 112 and from 273 to 315, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between applicant sex in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more females made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .001). However, the percentage increase in female residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 6.1% (29.8% to 35.9%). No statistically significant difference was present between applicant race in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more minority residents made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .0001). However, the percentage increase in minority residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 4.9% (35.1% to 40%).

Conclusion: Women and minority racial and ethnic groups continue to be underrepresented among Oto-HNS applicants. However, the presence of these groups among current residents has increased. Understanding and tracking these national trends yearly is critical for training a diverse future otolaryngology workforce.

Level of evidence: VI Laryngoscope, 131:277-281, 2021.

Keywords: Otolaryngology residency; females in otolaryngology residency; minority groups in otolaryngology residency; otolaryngology residency application.