STING directly activates autophagy to tune the innate immune response

Cell Death Differ. 2019 Sep;26(9):1735-1749. doi: 10.1038/s41418-018-0251-z. Epub 2018 Dec 19.

Abstract

STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is a central molecule that binds to cyclic dinucleotides produced by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to activate innate immunity against microbial infection. Here we report that STING harbors classic LC-3 interacting regions (LIRs) and mediates autophagy through its direct interaction with LC3. We observed that poly(dA:dT), cGAMP, and HSV-1 induced STING-dependent autophagy and degradation of STING immediately after TBK1 activation. STING induces non-canonical autophagy that is dependent on ATG5, whereas other autophagy regulators such as Beclin1, Atg9a, ULK1, and p62 are dispensable. LIR mutants of STING abolished its interaction with LC3 and its activation of autophagy. Also, mutants that abolish STING dimerization and cGAMP-binding diminished the STING-LC3 interaction and subsequent autophagy, suggesting that STING activation is indispensable for autophagy induction. Our results thus uncover dual functions of STING in activating the immune response and autophagy, and suggest that STING is involved in ensuring a measured innate immune response.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Autophagy / genetics*
  • Autophagy / immunology
  • Autophagy-Related Protein 5 / genetics
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog / genetics
  • Autophagy-Related Proteins / genetics
  • Beclin-1 / genetics
  • Fibroblasts / immunology
  • HeLa Cells
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate / genetics*
  • Immunity, Innate / immunology
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics*
  • Mice
  • Microtubule-Associated Proteins / genetics*
  • Nucleotides, Cyclic / genetics
  • Nucleotides, Cyclic / metabolism
  • Protein Binding / genetics
  • Vesicular Transport Proteins / genetics

Substances

  • Atg9A protein, mouse
  • Autophagy-Related Protein 5
  • Autophagy-Related Proteins
  • Beclin-1
  • Map1lc3b protein, mouse
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Microtubule-Associated Proteins
  • Nucleotides, Cyclic
  • STING1 protein, human
  • Vesicular Transport Proteins
  • cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate
  • Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog