Ten new triterpenoid compounds with structure diversity of the C-17 side-chain, including nine tirucallanes, named xylocarpols A⁻E (1⁻5) and agallochols A⁻D (6⁻9), and an apotirucallane, named 25-dehydroxy protoxylogranatin B (10), were isolated from the mangrove plants Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis, and Excoecaria agallocha. The structures of these compounds were established by HR-ESIMS and extensive one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR investigations. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, conducted with Cu Kα radiation; whereas those of 4, 6⁻8 were assigned by a modified Mosher's method and the comparison of experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Most notably, 5, 6, 7, and 9 displayed potent activation effects on farnesoid⁻X⁻receptor (FXR) at the concentration of 10.0 μM; 10 exhibited very significant agonistic effects on pregnane⁻X⁻receptor (PXR) at the concentration of 10.0 nM.
Keywords: apotirucallane; farnesoid–X–receptor; mangrove; pregnane–X–receptor; tirucallane; triterpenoid.