Rationale: Childhood chronic myeloid leukemia (CCML) is a malignant disease of granulocyte abnormal hyperplasia that is caused by clonal proliferation of pluripotent stem cells. The condition is relatively rare, accounting for 2.0% to 3.0% of cases of childhood leukemia. In addition, the incidence of extramedullary blast crisis in CCML presenting as central nervous system (CNS) blast crisis remaining chronic phase of the disease in bone marrow is extremely unusual.
Patient concerns: We report a case of childhood chronic myelogenous leukemia that abandoned treatment, resulting in chronic myelogenous leukemia transforming into extramedullary blast crisis resulting in CNS leukemia, accompanied by the chronic phase of the disease in bone marrow.
Diagnoses: Chronic myeloid leukemia extramedullary blast crisis presenting as CNS leukemia without blast crisis in bone marrow.
Interventions: Following high-dose systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, the patient continued to do well.
Lessons: High-dose systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy is safe and helpful for CCML extramedullary blast crisis. A long-term follow-up is crucial.