Brief Report: Clusters and Trajectories Across the Autism and/or ADHD Spectrum

J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Oct;48(10):3629-3636. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3618-6.

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur and show high genetic correlation. With the introduction of DSM-5, there is a new concept of an ASD and/or ADHD spectrum (ASD/ADHD). This study aimed to identify predictors of severity and need of healthcare within this spectrum. 39 families with multiple individuals affected by ASD/ADHD were recruited from a psychiatric clinic. Diagnoses, functional and demographic characteristics were retrieved from journals while hospital admissions were identified in the Danish health register. An estimated fraction of 31% ASD/ADHD patients had never been hospitalized and 35% remained undiagnosed despite hospitalization. Cluster analysis identified trajectories that discriminate age of diagnosis, educational attainment to degree of severity, need of hospitalization and genetic risk.

Keywords: ADHD; ASD; Clusters of life trajectories; Co-morbidity; Genetic risk; National Health Register.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / diagnosis
  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / epidemiology*
  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / genetics
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder / diagnosis
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder / epidemiology*
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder / genetics
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Models, Statistical
  • Pedigree