Evaluation of the basophil activation test and skin prick testing for the diagnosis of sesame food allergy

Clin Exp Allergy. 2018 Aug;48(8):1025-1034. doi: 10.1111/cea.13174. Epub 2018 Jun 13.

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of sesame food allergy (SFA) has increased over recent years, with the potential of anaphylactic reactions upon exposure. Oral food challenge (OFC) remains the diagnostic standard, yet its implementation may be risky. Commercial skin prick tests (SPT) have a low sensitivity. Investigation of alternate diagnostic methods is warranted.

Objective: To evaluate the utility of SPT and the basophil activation test (BAT) for SFA diagnosis.

Methods: Eighty-two patients with suspected SFA completed an open OFC to sesame or reported a recent confirmed reaction. Patients were administered skin prick tests (SPT) with commercial sesame seed extract (CSSE) and a high protein concentration sesame extract (HPSE) (100 mg/mL protein). Whole blood from 80 patients was stimulated with sesame seed extract (40-10 000 ng/mL protein) for BAT), assessing CD63 and CD203c as activation markers.

Results: Sixty patients (73%) had IgE-mediated reactions to sesame, and 22 (27%) did not react. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87 for HPSE-SPT and 0.66 for CSSE-SPT. At 1000 ng/mL of sesame protein, induction of CD63 and CD203c was weakly but significantly associated with OFC eliciting dose by rank (Spearman's rho = -.42 (P < .01) and -.35 (P < .05) for CD63 and CD203c, respectively). By ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.86 for CD63 and was 0.81 for CD203c sesame-induced basophil expression. Using HPSE-SPT as a first test to definitively diagnose (n = 24) or rule-out (n = 5) SFA and BAT as a second test to diagnose the remainder results in the correct classification of 73 of 80 (91%) patients, leaving one false negative and 4 false positive patients. Two BAT non-responders remain unclassified by this algorithm.

Conclusions & clinical relevance: While prospective cohort validation is necessary, joint utilization of BAT and SPT with HPSE extract may obviate the need for OFC in most SFA patients.

Keywords: basophil activation test; oral food challenge; sesame food allergy.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Allergens / immunology*
  • Basophil Degranulation Test
  • Basophils / immunology*
  • Basophils / metabolism
  • Biomarkers
  • Female
  • Food Hypersensitivity / diagnosis*
  • Food Hypersensitivity / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Phenotype
  • ROC Curve
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Sesamum / adverse effects*
  • Skin Tests*

Substances

  • Allergens
  • Biomarkers