Acid-free glyoxal as a substitute of formalin for structural and molecular preservation in tissue samples

PLoS One. 2017 Aug 10;12(8):e0182965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182965. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

Tissue fixation in phosphate buffered formalin (PBF) remains the standard procedure in histopathology, since it results in an optimal structural, antigenic and molecular preservation that justifies the pivotal role presently played by diagnoses on PBF-fixed tissues in precision medicine. However, toxicity of formaldehyde causes an environmental concern and may demand substitution of this reagent. Having observed that the reported drawbacks of commercially available glyoxal substitutes of PBF (Prefer, Glyo-fix, Histo-Fix, Histo-CHOICE, and Safe-Fix II) are likely related to their acidity, we have devised a neutral fixative, obtained by removing acids from the dialdehyde glyoxal with an ion-exchange resin. The resulting glyoxal acid-free (GAF) fixative has been tested in a cohort of 30 specimens including colon (N = 25) and stomach (N = 5) cancers. Our results show that GAF fixation produces a tissue and cellular preservation similar to that produced by PBF. Comparable immuno-histochemical and molecular (DNA and RNA) analytical data were obtained. We observed a significant enrichment of longer DNA fragment size in GAF-fixed compared to PBF-fixed samples. Adoption of GAF as a non-toxic histological fixative of choice would require a process of validation, but the present data suggest that it represents a reliable candidate.

MeSH terms

  • DNA / analysis
  • Fixatives / chemistry*
  • Formaldehyde / chemistry*
  • Glyoxal / chemistry*
  • Humans
  • Immunohistochemistry / methods
  • In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / methods
  • RNA / analysis
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA / methods
  • Tissue Fixation / methods*

Substances

  • Fixatives
  • Formaldehyde
  • Glyoxal
  • RNA
  • DNA

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR ex-60%-2016-17 to CM and PRIN 2015HAJH8E), by AIRC, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (MFAG13310 to CM), and by 5xMille Ministero Salute 2011 - FPRC onlus AIRC 5xMille Molecular Clinical Oncology Extension program - Ref 9970 (to AS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.