Dynamics of DNA methylomes underlie oyster development

PLoS Genet. 2017 Jun 8;13(6):e1006807. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006807. eCollection 2017 Jun.

Abstract

DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic regulator of development in mammals and social insects, but its significance in development outside these groups is not understood. Here we investigated the genome-wide dynamics of DNA methylation in a mollusc model, the oyster Crassostrea gigas, from the egg to the completion of organogenesis. Large-scale methylation maps reveal that the oyster genome displays a succession of methylated and non methylated regions, which persist throughout development. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are strongly regulated during cleavage and metamorphosis. The distribution and levels of methylated DNA within genomic features (exons, introns, promoters, repeats and transposons) show different developmental lansdscapes marked by a strong increase in the methylation of exons against introns after metamorphosis. Kinetics of methylation in gene-bodies correlate to their transcription regulation and to distinct functional gene clusters, and DMRs at cleavage and metamorphosis bear the genes functionally related to these steps, respectively. This study shows that DNA methylome dynamics underlie development through transcription regulation in the oyster, a lophotrochozoan species. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such epigenetic regulation outside vertebrates and ecdysozoan models, bringing new insights into the evolution and the epigenetic regulation of developmental processes.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • DNA Methylation*
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
  • Genome
  • Ostreidae / genetics*
  • Ostreidae / growth & development

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the Conseil Régional de Basse-Normandie (2013 – PCM 06 ‘GigaReproTemp’ to GR), the European Community Council (FP7-KBBE-2009.3 245119 ‘Reproseed’ to PS) and “Fonds Européen de Développement Régional” (PO FEDER 2007-2013; to PS and XG), the french National Research Agency (ANR gametogene ANR-08-GENM-041 to PF) and the United States Department of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture, and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Animal Health Project (1004475/NJ32920 to XG). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.