Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation, Monocyte Activation, and Coagulation in HIV-Infected Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy, Compared With Uninfected Individuals

J Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 15;214(12):1817-1821. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw459. Epub 2016 Sep 28.

Abstract

Smoking may affect cardiovascular disease risk more strongly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than HIV-uninfected individuals. We hypothesized that an interaction at the level of the immune system may contribute to this increased risk. We assessed soluble markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), immune activation (soluble [s]CD14 and sCD163), and coagulation (D-dimer) in HIV-infected and uninfected never, former, and current smokers. Smoking was independently associated with higher hsCRP levels and lower sCD163 levels and was borderline significantly associated with higher sCD14 and D-dimer levels. We found no evidence of a differential effect of smoking in HIV-infected individuals as compared to uninfected individuals.

Keywords: HIV infection; coagulation; inflammation; monocyte activation; smoking.

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Anti-Retroviral Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Antigens, CD / blood
  • Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / blood
  • Blood Coagulation*
  • C-Reactive Protein / analysis
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / analysis
  • HIV Infections / drug therapy
  • HIV Infections / pathology*
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / pathology*
  • Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / blood
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Monocytes / immunology*
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / blood
  • Smoking / adverse effects*

Substances

  • Anti-Retroviral Agents
  • Antigens, CD
  • Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic
  • CD163 antigen
  • Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products
  • Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
  • Receptors, Cell Surface
  • fibrin fragment D
  • C-Reactive Protein