Where to Forage in the Absence of Sea Ice? Bathymetry As a Key Factor for an Arctic Seabird

PLoS One. 2016 Jul 20;11(7):e0157764. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157764. eCollection 2016.

Abstract

The earth is warming at an alarming rate, especially in the Arctic, where a marked decline in sea ice cover may have far-ranging consequences for endemic species. Little auks, endemic Arctic seabirds, are key bioindicators as they forage in the marginal ice zone and feed preferentially on lipid-rich Arctic copepods and ice-associated amphipods sensitive to the consequences of global warming. We tested how little auks cope with an ice-free foraging environment during the breeding season. To this end, we took advantage of natural variation in sea ice concentration along the east coast of Greenland. We compared foraging and diving behaviour, chick diet and growth and adult body condition between two years, in the presence versus nearby absence of sea ice in the vicinity of their breeding site. Moreover, we sampled zooplankton at sea when sea ice was absent to evaluate prey location and little auk dietary preferences. Little auks foraged in the same areas both years, irrespective of sea ice presence/concentration, and targeted the shelf break and the continental shelf. We confirmed that breeding little auks showed a clear preference for larger copepod species to feed their chick, but caught smaller copepods and nearly no ice-associated amphipod when sea ice was absent. Nevertheless, these dietary changes had no impact on chick growth and adult body condition. Our findings demonstrate the importance of bathymetry for profitable little auk foraging, whatever the sea-ice conditions. Our investigations, along with recent studies, also confirm more flexibility than previously predicted for this key species in a warming Arctic.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Arctic Regions
  • Charadriiformes / physiology*
  • Climate Change
  • Ecosystem*
  • Global Warming*
  • Greenland
  • Ice Cover
  • Seawater
  • Zooplankton

Grants and funding

This study was co-funded by the French Polar Institute (IPEV (http://www.institut-polaire.fr) ADACLIM program n°388 to DG and JF), the European Commission (Marie Curie IEF to JF, Project 273061) and the the National Geographic Society – Global Exploration Fund Northern Europe (GEFNE-4112 to JF). This study also represents a contribution to the ARCTOX research project (European commission Marie Curie CIG, Project 631203 to JF).